Here are some representative 2 and 3-dimensional outputs produced
from the ‘test’, ‘example’ and ‘shape’ files that are provided as part of the
CPO package.
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Photomultiplier. Produced from the
48th 3D ‘example’ file. A series
of rays start from a line on the photocathode. When a ray hits a dynode its energy is
reduced to that of a secondary electron and its current is multiplied by a
factor of 3 (as chosen by the User).
The initial energies and directions of the secondaries
are also chosen by the User and can be randomised. |
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Quadrupole mass filter. From the 5th
3D ‘example’ file. Perspective
view. The hyberbolic
electrodes are generated by a subsidiary program that is supplied with the
CPO package. Several other subsidiary
programs are also included (eg to generate a toroidal
surface or a torus). Note that
in the Boundary Element Method it is not necessary to enclose the system. |
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Simple deflector system. From the 27th 3D ‘example’ file.. Here the x and y
deflector plates are flat rectangles.
Note that the density of segments is highest at the edges, where the
charge density is highest. 12 other
types of more sophisticated deflector systems are included as examples in the
CPO package. |
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Pierce Gun. From the 12th 2D ‘example’
file. The ray tracing is automatically
iterated several times until the results converge. A damping factor is provided which is
controlled by the User. Some potential
contours are also shown. Note that the
combined effects of the surface charges on the electrodes and the space
charges in the beam give contours that are perpendicular to the beam, as
required for the Pierce gun. The
‘test’ and ‘example’ files deal with several other types of cathode systems,
including thermionic, Schottky
and field emission cathodes. |
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Ideal CMA (cylindrical
mirror analyzer). From the 16th
3D ‘benchmark test’ file. Here the 5
rays simulate a beam of full angle 10º and they are allowed to pass through the
inner cylinder. The second‑order
focusing action of the CMA gives a small spot at the focal point. Several
other ideal and practical energy analyzers are included in the ‘test’ and
‘example’ files. |
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A 3-cylinder einzel lens. From the 36th 2D
‘example’ file. The vertical scale has
been expanded in this picture and some potential contours are shown. Examples of several other lenses are
included in the CPO package. The
programs can automatically vary one or more lens voltages to produce the smallest
spot at some defined position (or even to produce a series of spots at
different positions, for example for different energies). The program also gives accurate third‑order
lens parameters derived from paraxial integrations. |
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Time-varying fields. From the 8th 2D ‘benchmark test’
file. Here there is sinusoidal motion
in a sinusoidal field. There are
also options for ‘top‑hat’ and ‘saw‑tooth’ time
dependencies. Up to three different
time dependencies can be applied simultaneously (for example a sine wave plus
two harmonics). Or the
User can define a time dependence via an external
program. Examples of these programs
are included, together with detailed instructions on how to link them to the
main program. |
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X-ray tube. Produced from the 43rd
2D ‘example’ file. A simple tube with
a flat thermionic cathode and an anode at 100kV.
This view is expanded in the transverse direction. The iterative ‘automatic focusing’ option
is used to find the optimum grid voltage.
In each iteration step the space‑charge spreading is
automatically established by a separate iterative procedure. |
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A grid of 289 holes. Produced from the 19th 3D ‘shape‘ file. |
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A magetic
lens. From the 46th 3D ‘example’
file. The CPO3D programs can be used
to synthesize magnetic fields by superimposing fields from a menu of several
different types (eg
the fields produced by solenoids, hoops, straight or circular lengths of
current, dipoles, etc). Or the
User can generate fields externally on a grid of points and read them in as
arrays of pre‑calculated values. The User
can also define a field via an external program which can be easily linked to
the main program. |
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An array of
conical nano-tubes used as field emission sources.
Produced from the 53rd 3D ‘example’ file. Several other
examples deal with carbon nano‑tubes, for
example to find the enhancement factors of single tubes or arrays of tubes. The Surface
Charge Method is ideal for dealing with very small structures in the presence
of electrodes that are much larger. |
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